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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="ophthalmology" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">500</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2026.60106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ophthalmology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Visual Complaints in Patients with Chronic Migraine Syndromes&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alnahdi</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed Thabit</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alahmari</surname>
            <given-names>Faisal Nasser</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almusaileem</surname>
            <given-names>Sulaiman Faisal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Slais</surname>
            <given-names>Zainab Adel</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almarhoon</surname>
            <given-names>Fatimah Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alhabab</surname>
            <given-names>Ghanima Khaled</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yusuf</surname>
            <given-names>Fatema Abdulla</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kankouni</surname>
            <given-names>Eilaf Waleed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>6</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>43</fpage>
      <lpage>50</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Migraine refers to a unilateral severe throbbing headache that is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and sonophobia. It affects about 14% of the global population, leading to significant disability and lower quality of life. Chronic migraine is characterized by having 15 headache days or more per month, with chronic migraineurs experiencing greater disease burden, worse socio-economic functioning, and worse visual quality of life. These disabilities are attributed to the higher cortical hyperexcitability in chronic migraine patients compared with episodic migraineurs. Among the experienced visual complaints, visual aura, visual snow, and transient visual loss are among the most frequently reported complaints, with the aura being the most common visual symptom among chronic migraineurs. Clinical assessment of visual complaints in chronic migraine patients is considered challenging, as chronic migraineurs often report atypical or prolonged visual symptoms that cause diagnostic ambiguity, requiring differential diagnosis and accurate assessment of the visual symptoms to rule out serious secondary causes and avoid poor patient outcomes. This narrative review aims to explore current evidence regarding visual complaints among chronic migraineurs, in addition to clinical assessment of these complaints and differential diagnosis of migraine-associated visual symptoms.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>chronic migraine</kwd>
        <kwd> visual complaints</kwd>
        <kwd> visual aura</kwd>
        <kwd> visual snow</kwd>
        <kwd> clinical assessment</kwd>
        <kwd> differential diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>