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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
<issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">481</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51221</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Dentistry</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Effect of Smoking Habits on Marginal Integrity and Discoloration of Direct Restorations: A Systematic Review
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Asaad</surname>
<given-names>Yasmin Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jathmi</surname>
<given-names>Majed Ali</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aljulify</surname>
<given-names>Tariq Zaid</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almohammed</surname>
<given-names>Dhafer Aboud</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almutawa</surname>
<given-names>Manar Yahya</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alamri</surname>
<given-names>Ghada Abdullah</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>AlQahtani</surname>
<given-names>Abdulrahman Faisal</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alqarni</surname>
<given-names>Saad Abdullah</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Attaf</surname>
<given-names>Saud Saad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alqarni</surname>
<given-names>Ahmed Abdullah</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>-0001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>877</fpage>
<lpage>890</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Resin composites are widely used in modern dentistry, but maintaining their long-term color stability remains a major challenge. Pigmented compounds in cigarette smoke and nicotine can penetrate or adhere to restorative surfaces, leading to discoloration and surface deterioration. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of smoking and nicotine exposure on the marginal integrity and discoloration of direct tooth-colored restorations. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for English-language studies reporting outcomes related to marginal integrity (including microleakage, marginal adaptation, marginal gaps, marginal discoloration, and integrity scores), discoloration, color stability (__ampersandsignDelta;E), and surface staining. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and the Quality Assessment of In-Vitro Studies. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Resin-based composites consistently showed the greatest susceptibility to discoloration, whereas ceramic materials demonstrated minimal staining. Conventional cigarette smoke produced the highest color changes, reaching __ampersandsignDelta;E values up to 42.87. Heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes resulted in noticeably less discoloration than traditional smoking. Brushing and polishing reduced __ampersandsignDelta;E values but did not restore the original shade. Exposure to smoke and nicotine increased surface roughness and reduced microhardness in resin composites, while abrasive toothpastes and polishing procedures caused additional surface alterations. Cigarette smoke significantly and often irreversibly discolors resin-based restorations and alters their surface properties. High-strength ceramics appear to be the most suitable restorative option for smokers due to their superior color stability and resistance to smoke-induced damage.
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd> resin composites</kwd>
<kwd> cigarette smoke</kwd>
<kwd> color changes</kwd>
<kwd> surface deterioration</kwd>
<kwd> direct restoration</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>