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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="psychiatry" lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
<issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">479</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51219</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Psychiatry</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Identification and Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khan</surname>
<given-names>Suhail Abdalhameed</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yousef</surname>
<given-names>Khalid Hamdi Bin</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alaama</surname>
<given-names>Jumana Osama</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alkhunizi</surname>
<given-names>Amal Abdulmunam</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aldoweesh</surname>
<given-names>Osama Homood</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alazwary</surname>
<given-names>Mohammed Nael</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almadani</surname>
<given-names>Mohammed Salman</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eid</surname>
<given-names>Hussain Ali Al</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>24</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>864</fpage>
<lpage>870</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) persists in adulthood in a significant portion of individuals initially diagnosed in childhood, yet recognition and management in adults remain inconsistent across clinical settings. Adult presentations often differ from pediatric profiles, with less observable hyperactivity and more internalized symptoms such as distractibility, restlessness, and executive dysfunction. Misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis is common, especially in populations where symptoms overlap with mood disorders, anxiety, or trauma-related conditions. Gender, cultural norms, and the absence of validated developmental histories further complicate diagnostic accuracy. Pharmacological treatments, particularly stimulant medications, remain the most studied and widely prescribed option, showing strong efficacy in reducing core symptoms. However, long-term use is limited by side effects, adherence issues, and reduced functional gains when used in isolation. Non-stimulant options and psychosocial interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy offer complementary benefits, especially in targeting functional impairments like time management, emotional regulation, and self-esteem. Combination therapy tends to yield more durable and comprehensive outcomes compared to monotherapies. Long-term management requires flexible, patient-centered approaches that account for shifting life demands and personal goals. Digital tools, psychoeducation, and structured behavioral interventions play increasingly supportive roles in promoting autonomy and continuity of care. A sustained therapeutic alliance and functional goal setting are central to long-term success, as many adults with ADHD struggle with a history of negative self-perception and disengagement from mental health services. Comprehensive care models integrating medical, psychological, and social dimensions are essential to address the heterogeneity of adult ADHD and promote improved quality of life across the lifespan.
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>ADHD</kwd>
<kwd> adult diagnosis</kwd>
<kwd> pharmacological treatment</kwd>
<kwd> cognitive-behavioral therapy</kwd>
<kwd> long-term </kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>