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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
<issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">473</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51213</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Dentistry</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Orthodontic-Related Infections: Diagnosis and Management of Infection Complications
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Farran</surname>
<given-names>Waleed Hashim</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alharbi</surname>
<given-names>Shatha Hamad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Saidi</surname>
<given-names>Khadijah Mustafa</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alhasawi</surname>
<given-names>Fatima Abdullah</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alshahrani</surname>
<given-names>Eilaf Ahmed</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alasmari</surname>
<given-names>Amjad Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abughaniah</surname>
<given-names>Hadeel Ibrahim</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aurangzeb</surname>
<given-names>Fatima Mehar</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Habhab</surname>
<given-names>Marwa MohammedAmin</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almulhim</surname>
<given-names>Almothana Ahmed</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>16</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>809</fpage>
<lpage>816</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Orthodontic treatment plays a crucial role in the correction of malocclusion and the enhancement of both dental aesthetics and functional occlusion. However, the implementation of such treatments frequently presents a range of potential complications and infections that can significantly jeopardize oral health. The application of fixed orthodontic appliances, in particular, creates a unique oral environment that favors the accumulation of dental plaque. This accumulation poses challenges for patients striving to maintain optimal oral hygiene, thereby elevating the risk of proliferating pathogenic microorganisms such as Aggregatibacter, Actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia. These microorganisms are notoriously associated with periodontal inflammation, which can lead to heightened susceptibility to gingivitis and periodontitis. Moreover, the challenges presented by orthodontic therapy can result in the decalcification of enamel, a phenomenon often evident as white spot lesions, largely due to the difficulties patients encounter when cleaning around brackets and wires. In addition to these issues, other significant complications may arise, such as root resorption, alterations in pulp health, and mucosal trauma. These factors may further predispose patients to various infections, painful ulcers, and opportunistic infections like candidiasis. In certain cases, the forces exerted during orthodontic treatment can exacerbate existing temporomandibular joint disorders, particularly in individuals with class II and III malocclusions or occlusal interferences. The magnitude of these adverse effects can be influenced by numerous factors, including the specific type and duration of orthodontic treatment, the intensity of applied forces, individual susceptibility, and baseline oral hygiene practices. To effectively mitigate these risks, it is critical to implement preventive strategies such as the utilization of fluoride-releasing bonding materials, regular fluoride applications, and resin infiltration techniques for the management of white spot lesions. Additionally, comprehensive patient education regarding rigorous oral hygiene practices is essential. Clinicians should also evaluate individual risk profiles, including systemic health conditions and unique oral anatomical considerations, before commencing orthodontic therapy. This review underscores the imperative of early diagnosis, meticulous microbial monitoring, and proactive management strategies to minimize the impact of complications and infections associated with orthodontic treatment, thereby promoting successful outcomes and enhanced patient satisfaction.
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Orthodontic complications</kwd>
<kwd> fixed appliances</kwd>
<kwd> white spot lesions</kwd>
<kwd> root resorption</kwd>
<kwd> periodontal disease</kwd>
<kwd> pulpal changes</kwd>
<kwd> orthodontic treatment risks</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>