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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">460</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Dentistry</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Relationship Between Breathing Patterns and Craniofacial Development&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altamimi</surname>
            <given-names>Ahoud Saad</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alerawi</surname>
            <given-names>Shahad Faisal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alrashidy</surname>
            <given-names>Khalda Bashir</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>698</fpage>
      <lpage>704</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Craniofacial development is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, with breathing patterns playing a central role in shaping the growth of facial structures. Nasal breathing supports proper tongue posture, muscle tone, and jaw alignment, creating conditions that favor balanced skeletal development. In contrast, chronic mouth breathing disrupts this functional equilibrium, often leading to changes in muscle activity, tongue positioning, and head posture that impact the maxilla, mandible, and surrounding tissues. These compensatory mechanisms can result in morphological alterations such as narrow maxillary arches, high palatal vaults, elongated lower facial height, and mandibular retrusion. Airway resistance caused by conditions like enlarged adenoids, allergic rhinitis, or nasal septum deviation often initiates this shift in breathing pattern. The persistent use of oral respiration, particularly during critical growth periods in childhood, exerts prolonged pressure on orofacial structures. Electromyographic and imaging studies have shown that children with altered respiratory function exhibit increased use of accessory muscles, changes in tongue and lip posture, and significant skeletal remodeling. These adaptations can also influence dental eruption patterns, leading to malocclusions including anterior open bite and Class II profiles. The relationship between breathing and facial growth is dynamic, where functional habits become embedded in structural form. The degree of morphological change depends on the duration, timing, and severity of the breathing disturbance. Early identification of altered breathing patterns is essential for preventing long-term skeletal changes. Interventions that restore nasal airflow and promote functional rehabilitation can redirect craniofacial growth. These findings emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary assessment involving orthodontists, pediatricians, ENT specialists, and myofunctional therapists to manage the airway and support optimal orofacial development. Recognition of breathing patterns as a developmental factor is fundamental in understanding and guiding facial growth trajectories in pediatric populations.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Craniofacial development</kwd>
        <kwd> mouth breathing</kwd>
        <kwd> nasal obstruction</kwd>
        <kwd> orofacial growth</kwd>
        <kwd> airway resistance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>