<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="ophthalmology" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">451</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ophthalmology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Visual Field Defects in Early Indicators of Intracranial Lesions&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alnahdi</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed Thabit</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sagr</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulaziz Ali</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alsehemi</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulaziz Omar</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Altowairqi</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullatif Obaid</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alshehri</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulaziz Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname/>
            <given-names/>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jandeel</surname>
            <given-names>Haneen Raheem</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alkhaldi</surname>
            <given-names>Qutov Tareq</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>622</fpage>
      <lpage>629</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Intracranial lesions are tumors that develop within the skull. They account for almost 2% of all types of tumors. However, intracranial lesions remain a persistent burden despite having a low incidence, given their high morbidity and mortality rates. Growing evidence continues to report an association between brain lesions and visual field (VF) defects. It has been proven that specific visual field defects can be caused by the presence of a tumor in a particular location in the skull, as it interferes with the visual pathway. Thus, visual field defects can act as signs to identify and locate certain intracranial tumors. Moreover, recent studies suggest that therapeutic approaches can influence visual field outcomes as well. Nevertheless, further research is required to merely understand the complex association between VF defects and brain lesions. In addition to integrating ophthalmic diagnostic tools with imaging techniques, the implication of deep learning tools and virtual reality offers great prospects for the early diagnosis and management of brain lesions. Most importantly, clinicians and ophthalmologists should be aware of this association, as VF defects might be the earliest signs indicating the presence of an intracranial tumor. This review aims to demonstrate the underlying mechanisms behind the association between intracranial lesions and visual field defects as well as the role of VF defects in the early diagnosis and management of brain lesions. Moreover, it showcases the latest advancements in cancer and ophthalmological diagnostics, particularly the use of deep learning and virtual reality to prompt the early detection, monitoring, and management of intracranial tumors.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Intracranial lesions</kwd>
        <kwd> visual field defects</kwd>
        <kwd> visual pathway</kwd>
        <kwd> pituitary adenoma</kwd>
        <kwd> craniopharyngioma</kwd>
        <kwd> early diagnosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>