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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">443</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2025.51103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Dentistry</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Chronic Illnesses and Medications on Pediatric Dental Development and Morphology&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alharith</surname>
            <given-names>Wejdan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alsaffar</surname>
            <given-names>Noor</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alotaibi</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Algarni</surname>
            <given-names>Ibtihal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>AlmohammadSaleh</surname>
            <given-names>Anfal</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>9</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>5</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>547</fpage>
      <lpage>553</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Human beings are diphyodont, possessing primary and permanent dentition. The development of the primary dentition starts during the embryonic phase. The functional tooth germs initiate from the dental lamina of primary teeth in the maxilla and the mandible at six weeks in utero and start their mineralization at 14 weeks in utero. Whereas the formation of permanent dentition commences at 4 months in utero from the successional dental lamina that is lingually attached to the enamel organ of the primary teeth. The formation of primary teeth takes about 3.5 years from the eruption of the first lower deciduous central incisor till the completion of the roots of the second deciduous molars. Tooth buds for primary and permanent dentitions are vulnerable to systemic disorders, significantly affecting enamel and dentin formation. Enamel hypoplasia and other defects can arise from genetic conditions, salivary composition alterations, systemic diseases, or environmental factors. Systemic diseases that affect dental development are divided into primary and secondary disorders. secondary disorders result from events such as hormonal changes or trauma. Additionally, medications can significantly impact dental morphology. The prolonged use of sedatives and anticonvulsants can cause malocclusion, whereas corticosteroids can weaken the hardness of dental tissues, subsequently affecting mastication. Moreover, immunosuppressive medications are associated with abnormal development of craniofacial structures. Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, can negatively impact pediatric dental development. Children with congenital heart disease have shown poorer oral health conditions, increased carious lesions, and delayed dental development compared to healthy children. Endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency, also significantly affect craniofacial structures, resulting in complications such as delayed tooth eruption and enamel hypoplasia. This review article aims to underscore the relationship between chronic illnesses and medications and pediatric dental development, highlighting gaps in the existing literature, discussing such challenges.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>pediatric dental development</kwd>
        <kwd> chronic disorders</kwd>
        <kwd> medications</kwd>
        <kwd> cardiovascular diseases</kwd>
        <kwd> endocrine disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>