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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">370</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2024.41249</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Laboratory</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Safety and Decontamination Procedures for Infectious Sample Handling&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alrasheed</surname>
            <given-names>Rasheed Saud</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al-Mahrous</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed Mahrous</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alshahrani</surname>
            <given-names>Raed Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alsaadi</surname>
            <given-names>Nadiah Rabee</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>4</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <fpage>1010</fpage>
      <lpage>1015</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Biosafety protocols play a critical role in safeguarding laboratory personnel, the environment, and the public from risks associated with handling infectious samples. With the increasing prevalence of emerging pathogens and complex research activities, the development and adherence to stringent decontamination, risk assessment, and regulatory standards have become indispensable. Modern decontamination technologies, such as ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, cold atmospheric plasma, and deep eutectic solvents, have enhanced the efficacy of pathogen inactivation, offering tailored and environmentally friendly solutions for diverse laboratory needs. Risk assessment frameworks, including quantitative microbial risk assessment models, provide structured methodologies to evaluate potential exposure pathways and establish effective mitigation strategies. These frameworks have been augmented with AI-driven monitoring systems, improving compliance in high-containment facilities such as Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) and BSL-4 laboratories. Meanwhile, standardized biosafety guidelines bridge regional disparities, ensuring consistent practices in pathogen handling and containment. Modular biocontainment units and advanced laboratory designs further complement these standards by addressing scalability and operational efficiency. Compliance is fortified through regular audits, ongoing personnel training, and the integration of ethical considerations into research practices. Simulation-based education and regulatory oversight reduce violations and enhance preparedness for unforeseen challenges. Collaboration between international regulatory bodies, laboratories, and the public fosters innovation and trust, aligning efforts to combat global biosafety threats. As biosafety challenges evolve, the integration of emerging technologies, harmonized protocols, and comprehensive training remain central to advancing laboratory safety. A multi-faceted approach that combines risk mitigation, technological innovation, and global cooperation ensures readiness against current and future biological threats while maintaining ethical integrity and operational excellence. This dynamic and adaptable biosafety framework underscores the importance of resilience in the face of complex and evolving risks.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Biosafety</kwd>
        <kwd> decontamination technologies</kwd>
        <kwd> risk assessment</kwd>
        <kwd> regulatory compliance</kwd>
        <kwd> infectious samples</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>