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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">368</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2024.41247</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Dentistry</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Causes, Management and Prevention of Orthodontic Discomfort&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alshahrani</surname>
            <given-names>Khozam Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alshehri</surname>
            <given-names>Waleed Ali</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alawami</surname>
            <given-names>Jenan Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alabbad</surname>
            <given-names>Hawraa Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almutairi</surname>
            <given-names>Metib Theyab</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hawsawi</surname>
            <given-names>Marwan Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>4</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <fpage>997</fpage>
      <lpage>1002</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Orthodontic discomfort is a significant concern for patients undergoing treatment, arising primarily from the application of mechanical forces that trigger an inflammatory response in the periodontal ligament and surrounding tissues. This discomfort, which often peaks within 24 to 48 hours after appliance activation, is influenced by various factors, including the magnitude of force applied, appliance design, and individual patient variability. Biomechanical forces initiate the release of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and cytokines, sensitizing nociceptors and leading to pain. Soft tissue irritation caused by brackets, wires, or aligners further exacerbates the experience of discomfort. Management strategies for orthodontic pain focus on pharmacological interventions, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and alternative approaches like low-level laser therapy and vibratory devices. Behavioral interventions, such as patient education and relaxation techniques, complement these methods, addressing the psychological aspects of pain perception. Advances in orthodontic appliances, including self-ligating brackets and aligners, have improved patient comfort by minimizing friction and optimizing force distribution. Preventive approaches aim to reduce the onset of discomfort through careful treatment planning, improved appliance design, and enhanced oral hygiene protocols. Gradual force application, digital treatment planning, and customized aligners have contributed to a more patient-centered approach, reducing tissue trauma and optimizing outcomes. Emphasis on maintaining periodontal health through professional cleanings and tailored hygiene practices further mitigates secondary discomfort caused by inflammation. Understanding the multifactorial nature of orthodontic discomfort has driven innovations in treatment and prevention, enhancing the overall patient experience. The integration of advanced technologies, personalized care, and effective pain management strategies underscores the progress in reducing discomfort while achieving desired therapeutic results. Ongoing research continues to explore novel interventions to refine these approaches, ensuring a balance between clinical effectiveness and patient comfort.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>orthodontic discomfort</kwd>
        <kwd> pain management</kwd>
        <kwd> orthodontic treatment</kwd>
        <kwd> preventive strategies</kwd>
        <kwd> patient-centered care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>