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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="neurology" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2024.41006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Neurology</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Review on Neuropharmacological Approaches to Treating Bipolar Disorder&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Qattan</surname>
            <given-names>Yaser Yahya</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aljawi</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Abdulaziz</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alotaibi</surname>
            <given-names>Fuad Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ibrahim</surname>
            <given-names>Leena Essam</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albulushi</surname>
            <given-names>Hamzah Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alhawaj</surname>
            <given-names>Ali Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mohammed</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima Osman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>4</volume>
      <issue>10</issue>
      <fpage>476</fpage>
      <lpage>484</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of mania and depression, with significant psychosocial impairment and an elevated risk of suicide. This review explores neuropharmacological treatments for BD, focusing on lithium, antipsychotics, antiepileptics, antidepressants and glutamatergic agents. Lithium, a cornerstone of BD treatment, offers robust efficacy in mood stabilization but has limitations due to side effects and a narrow therapeutic index. Antipsychotics, particularly atypical ones like olanzapine and quetiapine, are effective in managing mania and bipolar depression but can cause metabolic dysregulation. Antiepileptics, including valproate and lamotrigine, are used for mood stabilization, with lamotrigine particularly effective in bipolar depression. Antidepressants, while providing short-term benefits, carry risks of inducing mania and are best used cautiously. Emerging treatments like ketamine and memantine show promise in refractory cases but require further validation. Future research should focus on refining existing therapies, exploring novel agents and integrating personalized medicine approaches to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize adverse effects.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>bipolar disorder</kwd>
        <kwd> neuropharmacological treatments</kwd>
        <kwd> lithium</kwd>
        <kwd> antipsychotics</kwd>
        <kwd> antiepileptics</kwd>
        <kwd> antidepressants</kwd>
        <kwd> glutamatergic agents</kwd>
        <kwd> ketamine</kwd>
        <kwd> memantine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>