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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2021.1102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Dentistry</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin in Managing Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review &#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Al-Hussain</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almahozi</surname>
            <given-names>Eman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bakhsh</surname>
            <given-names>Khulood</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jayar</surname>
            <given-names>Ruba</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aljohani</surname>
            <given-names>Rahmah</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alzahrani</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khars</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed Al</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alkhalil</surname>
            <given-names>Ruba</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ismail</surname>
            <given-names>Heba</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>AlRamadhan</surname>
            <given-names>Maryam</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Althobaiti</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>-0001</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>1</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>7</fpage>
      <lpage>15</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Botulinum toxin (BTX) has been widely used in the management of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) due to its analgesic and relaxing abilities, and its relatively fast disposal of poor compliance. In this systematic review, we aim to discuss the effectiveness of BTX in the management of TMD, including its effect on pain, maximum mouth opening, and adverse effects. A systematic electronic database search was conducted in seven databases for relevant studies published prior to 7 July 2020. Generally, pain relief improved over time in most of the included studies. Both slight and significant improvements in mouth opening following BTX injection were observed. No serious adverse effects or complications were reported by the included studies. Adverse effects reported were headaches, weakness, increased pain, flu-like symptoms, chewing discomfort, and unilateral paralysis of the zygomaticus major muscle. However, adverse effects caused by BTX local infusion may be dose dependant, and this aspect should be considered in future investigations. This study demonstrates that it is difficult to determine the effect of BTX on TMD patients, and it is essential that more research is conducted in this field with proper populations and fewer limitations. However, we can conclude that the administration of BTX is almost free of severe complications and may only cause minimal adverse effects.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>Botulinum toxin</kwd>
        <kwd> Temporomandibular disorders</kwd>
        <kwd> Effectiveness</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>