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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="surgery" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2023.30107</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Surgery</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primary and Secondary Causes of Esophageal Dysmotility&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almottowa</surname>
            <given-names>Hisham</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Neama</surname>
            <given-names>Sayed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alarfaj</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmad</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>AlHarbi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alharbi</surname>
            <given-names>Mazen</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jokhadar</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulwahab</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khadabakhsh</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akhtar</surname>
            <given-names>Noor Ul Ain</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alqurus</surname>
            <given-names>Zahra</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alharthi</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammed</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alnasser</surname>
            <given-names>Ali</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>8</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>41</fpage>
      <lpage>46</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Estimates show that abdominal pain is the most commonly diagnosed event in ambulatory settings and gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) is the second most common condition. Many etiologies were reported for esophageal dysmotility. Identifying these causes can help understand the pathogenesis of the condition and better assess affected patients. In the present study, we reviewed the primary and secondary causes of esophageal dysmotility based on evidence from the previous studies in the literature. Aberrant esophageal dysmotility usually manifests by non-cardiac chest pain, regurgitation, heartburn, and dysphagia. The pathogenesis of these conditions includes significant muscular changes and degeneration of the inhibitory motor neurons of the myenteric plexus. It has been further shown that all patients with esophageal dysmotility usually exhibit impaired opening and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Various causes were reported in the literature for esophageal dysmotility, including structural, motility, and neuromuscular disorders. Primary causes are usually due to a pathology confined to the esophagus wall. On the other hand, secondary causes are usually part of a systemic condition that affects other organs in the affected patients.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>esophageal dysmotility</kwd>
        <kwd> motility disorders</kwd>
        <kwd> etiology</kwd>
        <kwd> classification</kwd>
        <kwd> achalasia</kwd>
        <kwd> gastroesophageal reflux disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>