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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="general-medicine" lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
<issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">119</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2022.21116</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>General Medicine</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Prevalence and Management of Renal Impairment in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in specialized diabetes clinics in Primary Care in the Kingdom of Bahrain
</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>AlSaweer</surname>
<given-names>Abeer</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Qambar</surname>
<given-names>Fatema</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Humaidan</surname>
<given-names>Hanan</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Doseri</surname>
<given-names>Sumaya Al</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shabeeb</surname>
<given-names>Najat</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>AlAlayan</surname>
<given-names>Taghreed</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>AlAradi</surname>
<given-names>Taybaa</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ahmed</surname>
<given-names>Ghadeer</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hussain</surname>
<given-names>Fatima</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>AbdulJaleel</surname>
<given-names>Khulood</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ekri</surname>
<given-names>Ruqaya Al</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Taheri</surname>
<given-names>Salman</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>23</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>435</fpage>
<lpage>442</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Introduction: Diabetes nephropathy is a consequence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and is a leading cause of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Diabetes nephropathy is a metabolic disease and can be prevented through the proper monitoring of glycaemic control levels and kidney function, which is done using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There is a sparsity of data addressing diabetes nephropathy in the Kingdom of Bahrain; hence, this research was undertaken to the prevalence of diabetes nephropathy in Bahrain, its associated risk factors, and clinical management practices.
Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study took place in the central diabetes clinics (CDCs) of seven primary healthcare units (PHUs) in Bahrain, for the period from February to April 2020. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes patients, aged 18 years and above, following up with the CDCs during the period from February to April 2020. The exclusion criteria included type 1 diabetes patients, patients under the age of 18, patients with renal transplants, and pregnant women. Other variables included demographic data, biochemical and clinical data, e-GFR, albuminuria status, medication prescriptions, and secondary care nephrology referrals.
Results: A total of 2,125 patients were enrolled in the study, with 16.3% suffering from chronic kidney disease at stages 3, 4 and 5. Strong correlations were found between low eGFR and certain variables, including HbA1c, blood pressure and age. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that increased age, HbA1c, and systolic blood pressure were associated with a higher risk of an eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Conclusion: This study highlighted that the prevalence of renal impairment in people with DM in Bahrain is high with a detrimental economic impact. Further studies with longitudinal patterns need to be performed to verify the true impact of this illness.
</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>diabetes mellitus</kwd>
<kwd> diabetes nephropathy</kwd>
<kwd> estimated GFR</kwd>
<kwd> albuminuria</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</article>