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<article xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" dtd-version="1.0" article-type="dentistry" lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">JOHS</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Journ of Health Scien</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal of HealthCare Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="pubmed">Journ of Health Scien</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2231-2196</issn>
      <issn pub-type="opub">0975-5241</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Radiance Research Academy</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">111</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.52533/JOHS.2022.21114</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi-url"/>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Dentistry</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Etiology and Clinical Management of Temporomandibular Disorders&#13;
</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bukhsh</surname>
            <given-names>Ayman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zahrani</surname>
            <given-names>Rawan Al</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alqahtani</surname>
            <given-names>Shaima</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alsanea</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrahman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alanazi</surname>
            <given-names>Bassam</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atti</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulrhman</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alwagdani</surname>
            <given-names>Hamzah</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alghamdi</surname>
            <given-names>Hussain</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alotaibi</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almutairi</surname>
            <given-names>Nawaf</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alshammari</surname>
            <given-names>Bader</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="ppub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>2</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
      <fpage>422</fpage>
      <lpage>428</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>This article is copyright of Popeye Publishing, 2009</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2009</copyright-year>
        <license license-type="open-access" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) Licence. You may share and adapt the material, but must give appropriate credit to the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Temporomandibular joints (TMJ) disorders are a group of morphological and functionally abnormal degenerative musculoskeletal problems. Limited or divergent movement, painful joint sounds, articular, muscular, or neural pain involving the joint are the hallmarks of the joint’s pathology. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have a broad spectrum. Various biological, environmental, social, and psychosomatic stimuli comprise the complex etiology of TMD. Mechanically induced remodeling, while progressive and regressive, is a physiological development initially. Osteoarthritis arises when the joint__ampersandsign#39;s rebuilding capability has been exceeded. The TMJ exhibits typical osteoarthritic changes, such as flattening of fossae, reduced pronunciation of articular eminence, reduced condyle proportions, and thicker disk. Decreased adaptability in the articular tissues or severe or recurrent physical stress on the joint’s tissues can also cause degenerative remodeling, that is noted in pathologic TMJs. It has been determined that non-invasive treatment options should be investigated first for patients looking to manage their temporomandibular disorders symptoms. However, there is a demand for more intrusive treatments because to the temporomandibular joint__ampersandsign#39;s complexity and the incapacitating nature of advanced-stage disease. Enhanced scope of movement, diminished synovitis, and the prevention of additional degeneration of joint surfaces are the foremost goals of the approaches used in managing TMD.&#13;
</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <kwd>temporomandibular joints</kwd>
        <kwd> temporomandibular disorders</kwd>
        <kwd> degenerative disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>